ABSTRACT
Abstract Very little is known about the influence training programmes that combine land-based and water-based exercises might have on the cognitive function of healthy older people. Aim to analyze the combined effect of two physical exercise programs (water-based and land-based) on fitness level and cognitive function. Method 15 senior citizens carried out a water and land-based exercise program (EF group), while 22 senior citizens followed the same program with the addition of cognitive training performed in water (EC group). The effects of both programs were assessed by means of the Symbol Digit Modalities, the Two-minute step and the Timed-up-and-go tests. Results The data obtained showed that both programs had significant effects on the participants' fitness level and cognitive function, although only those in the EC group showed a significantly higher improvement. Conclusion The combination of water-based and land-based exercise may lead to improvements in cognitive functions and fitness levels in healthy older adults. The inclusion of cognitive exercises performed in water seems to maximise these effects.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aging , Exercise , Physical Conditioning, Human , Quality of LifeABSTRACT
Objective: To examine the relationship between the energy cost implied in competition in different swimming events and its relationship with motivation to practice this sport. Methods: A total of 389 swimmers (192 boys and 197 girls), aged 8-22 years, who competed in events with different energy demands responded to the Spanish versions of the Participation Motivation Inventory. Results: A multivariate analysis showed that the energy cost of the preferential event had a significant influence on the swimmer motivation (Wilk's λ=0.96, F7,388=6.29, P<0.005). A later univariate analysis showed that the motivation of swimmers in predominantly aerobic modalities, as compared to those in anaerobic ones, was significantly influenced by four motivational components: "Health/Fitness", "Fun/Friendship", "Competition/Skills" and "Significant Others". The motivational factors also varied according to gender and stage of sport development of the swimmers. Conclusion: The results of this study show signs that the motivational factors related to the practice of competitive swimming in young athletes behaves differently depending on the energy cost of the test carried out. .
Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre o custo energético implícito na competição em diferentes eventos de natação e sua relação com a motivação para a prática desse esporte. Métodos: Um total de 389 nadadores (192 meninos e 197 meninas), com idades entre 8 e 22 anos, que competiram em eventos com diferentes demandas de energia respondeu às versões em espanhol do Inventário de Motivação para a Participação. Resultados: A análise multivariada demonstrou que o custo energético do evento preferido teve influência significante sobre a motivação dos nadadores (Î" de Wilkis = 0,96, F7.388 = 6,29, P < 0,005). Uma análise univariada posterior mostrou que a motivação dos nadadores nas modalidades predominantemente aeróbias, em comparação com as anaeróbias, foi significativamente influenciada por quatro componentes motivacionais: "Saúde/Boa forma física", "Diversão/Amizade", "Competição/Habilidades" e "Pessoas significantes". Os fatores motivacionais também variaram de acordo com o sexo e o estágio de desenvolvimento desportivo dos nadadores. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo mostram sinais de que os fatores motivacionais relacionados com a prática da natação competitiva em jovens atletas comportam-se de forma diferente, dependendo do custo energético do teste realizado. .
Objetivo: Examinar el relacionamiento entre el costo energético implicado en la competición en diferentes eventos de natación y su relacionamiento con la motivación para la práctica de este deporte. Métodos: Un total de 389 nadadores (192 masculinos y 197 femeninos), con edad entre 8-22 años, que competían en eventos con diferentes demandas de energía respondieron a las versiones en Español del Inventario de Motivación para la Práctica. Resultados: Un análisis multivariado mostró que el costo energético del evento preferencial tuvo una influencia significativa en la motivación de los nadadores (WilkÂ's Î"=0,96, F7.388=6,29, P<0,005). Un análisis univariado posterior mostró que la motivación de los nadadores en modalidades predominantemente aeróbicas, comparada con aquellas anaeróbicas, fue significativamente influenciada por cuatro componentes motivacionales: "Salud/Aptitud", "Diversión/Amistad", "Competición/Habilidades", y "Otros Significativos". Los factores motivacionales también variaron de acuerdo al género y nivel de desarrollo deportivo de los nadadores. Conclusión: Los resultados en este estudio muestran señales del hecho de que los factores motivacionales en la práctica de natación competitiva en jóvenes atletas se comporta de formas diferentes, dependiendo del costo energético del test realizado. .